HSPA5 and infection: Liu et al. (2010) showed that Rhizopus arrhizus (formerly: Rhizopus oryzae) enhanced epithelial cell invasion and damage in a receptor-dependent manner. Later, Gebremariam et al. (2014) described that spore coat protein homologs (CotH) from Mucorales is the fungal ligand for GRP78. Reduction of CotH expression in a mutant strain of R. arrhizus demonstrated decreased virulence in diabetic mouse models of infection (Gebremariam et al., 2014).