Moreover, CD41, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), Wilm’s Tumour-1 (WT-1), and alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor (AMBP) are putative small EV urinary biomarkers that are associated with diabetic nephropathy (Admyre et al., 2003; Eckel et al., 2005; Wu et al., 2017). Here, DPP4 is linked to diabetic kidney disease.