TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Moreover, it was recently documented that TNF-α, a member of the adipokine family, may be associated with hyperandrogenism, increased insulin resistance, and obesity, which are common factors in the pathogenesis of PCOS (Escobar-Morreale et al., 2001; Alzamil, 2020; Uzdogan et al., 2021).