APP and normal pressure hydrocephalus: Molecular biomarkers of NPH have been proposed and include amyloid precursor protein (APP) (Miyajima et al., 2013; Pyykko et al., 2014; Jingami et al., 2015; Kazui et al., 2016; Niermeyer et al., 2020; Torretta et al., 2021; Jeppsson et al., 2022) and angiogenic proteins such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (Huang et al., 2016) and matrix metalloproteinases (Jeppsson et al., 2022) present in CSF.