TNF and breast cancer: Inflammatory cytokines array showed that the expression of IL-6, CCL2, GCSF, and TNF-α was augmented by TDEVs, along with the phosphorylation of transcription factor NF-kB, which indicates that TDEVs stimulate the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines via NF-κB signaling pathway in gastric cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer and melanoma (112–115, 120).