VCAM1 and familial dilated cardiomyopathy: Elevated inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, TGF-β1), increase the expression of cell adhesion molecules like vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1) via nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) transcription factor activation associated with diastolic dysfunction which contribute to ventricular dysfunction in DCM (32).