In PD, environmental exposure to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or pesticides cause mitochondrial disfunction, as well as genetic factors such as mutations in the PINK1, parkin, DJ-1, POLG, LRRK2, and SNCA genes, which are involved in mitochondrial pathways [reviewed in Borsche et al. (2021)]. Here, PINK1 is linked to Parkinson disease.