Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing revealed that DEGs were significantly enriched in IFN-γ signaling, mTORC1 pathway, and mitosis-related genes, among which mTORC1 activation has been reported to be important in T-cell proliferation.50 Unfortunately, we are unable to further investigate the potential in vivo interaction between PD-L1.BB CSR-modified CAR-T cells and other PD-L1+ cells besides tumor cells, due to the absence of PD-L1 expressing human stromal cells in immunodeficient mice. The gene discussed is IFNG; the disease is neoplasm.