AKT1 and diabetes mellitus: It has been reported that TMP can increase phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and decrease the expression of phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β (p-GSK-3β), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and Cleaved caspase-3 by activating the Akt signaling pathway of Akt signaling (Rai et al. 2019; Zhu et al. 2022), improvement of metabolic markers of diabetes, and inhibiting of oxidative stress improved DN in rats.