However, recent experiments using a xenograft model by transplanting human IBM muscle into the hindlimb of immunodeficient mice, suggested that T cell depletion does not alter muscle degenerative pathology in IBM; indeed, the authors observed that reduction of human T cells within IBM xenografts by treating mice intraperitoneally with anti-CD3 (OKT3) suppressed MHC-I up-regulation, but rimmed vacuoles and loss of TDP-43 function persisted [43]. Here, TARDBP is linked to inclusion body myositis.