CD28 and vascular disorder: So targeting B7 or CD28 of T cells may be a potentially possible approach for vascular disorders, such play as by regulating CD28(null) T cells.[146,147] Research on atherosclerosis in human arteries has shown that the expression levels of costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 in atherosclerotic plaques have significantly increased, so CD80 and CD86 expressed by activated APCs are promising imaging targets in atherosclerosis.[102,148] In addition, different costimulatory pathways in atherosclerosis may influence disease stage.