INS and Insulin resistance: These genes include the following: (1) TNF; (2) chitinase 3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1), which participates in tissue injury, inflammation, tissue repair, and remodeling responses;[111] (3) chimerin 2 (CHN2), which may be a key element of proximal insulin signaling, playing a role in insulin resistance and growth deficiency;[112] and (4) gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor (GIPR), which encodes glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor [113].