TGFB1 and neoplasm: Recently, transcriptional profiling of melanoma and metastatic urothelial carcinoma patients unresponsive to anti-PD-1 therapy revealed an enrichment in pathways associated to TGFβ [11, 12], a cytokine produced by the TME that reduces immune cell recall within the tumor and inhibits the function of both T cells and NK cells [13].