Consistently, dual PD-1/TGFβ blockade has recently been shown to i) make human tumor cells more sensitive to different chemotherapeutic agents by altering their plasticity [66]; ii) enhance the cytolytic activity of NK and T cells towards tumor cells [67–69]; and iii) up-regulate the expression of immune response genes, including those encoding multiple chemokines, such as CCL5, associated with immune cell infiltration and enhanced anti-tumor activity [70]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.