To validate our findings, we ran the ARD-NMF algorithm on single cell data from Ledergor et al.15 and recovered a similar signature with top genes CD27, CD79A, and JSRP1. This signature, too, is strongly downregulated in abnormal cells at all disease stages (q = 2.4 × 10−4 and 1.5 × 10−5 for SMM and MM vs. healthy donors, respectively; only one MGUS sample had abnormal cells, and it too appears to be downregulated; Fig. 3e, f). Here, CD27 is linked to Miyoshi myopathy.