For tumours with a low deep learning score, pathways promoting tumour proliferation, such as ECM−receptor interaction (enriched genes: COL2A1, COMP, and THBS4), Wnt signaling pathway (enriched genes: CTNND2, SFRP1, and NOTUM) and focal adhesion (enriched genes: COL2A1, COMP, and THBS4), were significantly unregulated (Fig. 4c). The gene discussed is SFRP1; the disease is neoplasm.