TLR2 and TLR6 are of particular importance, as filariae including the causative agents of LF, onchocerciasis and mansonellosis, but not loiasis, contain endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria, which trigger an inflammatory response through TLR2 and TLR6 recognition (8, 84). Here, TLR2 is linked to mansonelliasis.