Our recent study also defined a group of pancreatic beta cell proteins with carbonylation, all bound by autoantibodies from human and NOD mice T1D antisera including PDIA1/P4Hb, PDIA2, 14-3-3 protein isoforms, GRP78 and chymotrypsinogen B (35). The gene discussed is HSPA5; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.