To determine whether plasma PAMG5 levels differed according to the PD subgroups, the participants were divided into hypertension (HTN) and non-HTN subgroups (hypertension was defined if patients had a history of hypertension or were using antihypertensive medication) and diabetes mellitus (DM) and non-DM subgroups (diabetes mellitus was defined by a history of DM or were using oral hypoglycemic agents/insulin). Here, INS is linked to Parkinson disease.