ACE and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Among the remaining 12 pairs (Tables 1 and S16B), 7 of them showed marginal MR signals and LD check evidence in the African validation MR, which included a genetically predicted effect of protein level of SERPINF1 on stroke, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) level on COPD, B4GALT6 level on POAG, F7 level on stroke, LY75 level on asthma, allograft inflammatory factor 1 (AIF1) level on HF, and CD248 level on gout (Table S16B).