APP and Alzheimer disease: In transgenic mouse models that overexpress the human amyloid precursor protein, 56Fe ion irradiation of 1 Gy–4 Gy at 1 GeV/u resulted in long-term age-related behavioral abnormalities as well as deficits in synaptic transmission consistent with Alzheimer’s disease related neurological deficits (Vlkolinsky et al., 2010).