Consistent with this hypothesis, studies have shown that AT1R overexpression in the heart, which does not result in hypertension (Paradis et al., 2000), results in a less severe AF phenotype compared to chronic Ang II infusion (Jansen et al., 2018; Jansen et al., 2019; Demers et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene AGTR1 and atrial fibrillation.