Markers of inflammation such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1 or CCl-2), and interleukin 6 (IL-6), and markers related to obesity such as leptin and insulin were measured systemically in the blood. Here, TNF is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.