The lack of association between serum cytokine concentrations in NSCLC and the serologic CMV status (Table 4), itself linked to mild chronic immune activation and immunosenescence (44), also reflects the inability of cytokines to capture subtle systemic changes of the adaptive immunity, as those expected to occur longitudinally under PD-(L)1 blockade. Here, CD274 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.