TNF and influenza: Interestingly, Żebrowska (36) found that VitD supplementation significantly reduced 1 h post-exercise TNF-α levels when the TNF-α concentration was increased compared with that in the rest, and Goncalves-Mendes et al. (37) observed significant lower plasma TNF-α and IL-6 level, higher TGF-β level 28 days post influenza vaccination administrated after the 3 months of VitD3 supplementation (100,000 IU/15 days) in older adults.