This is accompanied by increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-17, and IFN-γ, in the circulation, adipose tissue, liver, and pancreas, which further disturb metabolism and aggravate pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance (14). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is Insulin resistance.