TNF and polycystic ovary syndrome: In addition, Jamilian et al. (76) evaluated the effect of combined vitamin E and omega-3 supplementation on PCOS patients and found that the combined application of vitamin E and omega-3 could significantly reduce the expression of the IL-8 and TNF-α genes and upregulate the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ).