TXN and osteoporosis: In animals, metformin is reported to increase levels of endogenous proteins such as thioredoxin (Trx), sirtuin 3, and glutathione to counteract the attack of free radicals produced during variety of disorders, including age-related neurodegeneration, epilepsy (Sanz et al., 2021), cardiovascular disease, cancer, inflammation, and osteoporosis.