TGFB1 and cancer: By comparing clust2 to non-clust2 (clust1 and clust3), we observed that immune-related pathways and tumor-related pathways were obviously activated in clust2, such as cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, chemokine signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, toll-like receptor signaling pathway, TGF-β signaling pathway, and pathways in cancer (Figure 3A).