TNF and ulcerative colitis: In addition, the interplay between inflammation and the NOTCH signaling has been amply reviewed (Quillard and Charreau, 2013; Fazio and Ricciardiello, 2016) and it has been reported that NOTCH1 and HES1 in co-operation with TNF-α can suppress PPAR-γ (Maniati et al., 2011) to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (Ghorbaninejad et al., 2019).