SMAD2 and ulcerative colitis: The anti-fibrotic potential of the tested drugs has been reported earlier in non-ulcerative colitis models; first, carvedilol was able to decrease TGF-β1/α-SMA and increase SMAD-7 in renal (Wong et al., 2001) and hepatic (El-Wakeel et al., 2018) injury models, whereas mirabegron proved its anti-fibrotic potential against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity via the inhibition of TGF-β/SMAD2/3 pathway (Freiwan et al., 2022).