TGFB1 and cardiac hypertrophy: Ang II, a powerful effector peptide of the RAAS and a hypertrophic agent, can induce cardiac hypertrophy and maladaptive cardiac remodeling by activating different signaling pathways, such as AKT/ERK, TGF-β/SMAD/collagen I/collagen III, NF-κB/NLRP3, NADPH kinases (NOX2 and NOX4) (Sag et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2019).