FFAR1 and inflammation: GPR40 agonists have been reported to have anti-inflammatory properties that may contribute to its beneficial effects on NASH (Ookawara et al., 2020), inflammatory bowel disease (Kato et al., 2019), cardiovascular inflammation (Kim et al., 2022; Lymperopoulos et al., 2022), and neurodegenerative diseases (Engel et al., 2020; Xiao et al., 2021), etc. Due to its multifactorial functions in maintaining glucose homeostasis, regulating metabolism, and reducing inflammation, GPR40 agonists had been the most popular target pursued by pharmaceutical companies for the therapy of diabetes.