TARDBP and proteostasis deficiencies: Even though paraspeckles are not observed in cells that express only NEAT1_1, which instead distributes in a diffuse “microspeckle” pattern that does not co-localize with paraspeckle markers in the nucleoplasm (Nakagawa et al., 2011; Li R. et al., 2017), NEAT1_1 alleviated TDP-43-dependent toxicity in yeast and Drosophila models of TDP-43 proteinopathy (Matsukawa et al., 2021).