[21] revealed that TMAO promoted calcium-induced osteogenic differentiation of VSMCs and also exacerbated VC in rats with CKD, which were involved activation of NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3) inflammasome and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. This evidence concerns the gene NLRP3 and chronic kidney disease.