NPPB and susceptibility to pneumonia measurement: There was a weak but positive correlation in the combined discovery and replication cohorts (n=277) between the VOC subgroup scores for pneumonia and CRP (n=277, r=0.33, P <0.0001) and acute heart failure and Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) (n=277, r=0.33, P <0.0001), in addition to a negative correlation between the healthy-state VOC score and CRP and BNP (n=277, r= -0.15, P <0.0001, and -0.21, P <0.0001 respectively) (Figure 4A).