A frenzied few weeks followed, in which we used antibodies raised by Dario to show that two upstream kinases purified from rat liver by Simon were indeed both LKB1:STRAD:MO25 complexes (Figure 4), that recombinant LKB1:STRAD:MO25 complexes expressed by Dario's group activated AMPK by phosphorylating Thr172, and that activation of AMPK by energy stress in LKB1-null MEFs or in HeLa cells (a famous human cancer cell line that carries a large deletion in the STK11 gene [65]) was defective, but could be rescued by re-expressing LKB1. This evidence concerns the gene PRKAA1 and cancer.