PRKAA1 and cancer: We were particularly keen to test the effects of the AMPK-activating biguanide drug metformin [86] which, following our identification of LKB1 as the upstream kinase for AMPK (a known target for the drug), had been shown by Andrew Morris (then Professor of Diabetic Medicine in Dundee) to be associated with a reduced risk of cancer when used to treat type 2 diabetes in humans [87].