Lack of awareness of the effectiveness of preventing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: There are significant knowledge gaps among physicians, policy makers, and the public about how atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease develops, and how effectively it can be prevented by reducing cumulative exposure to the causes of atherosclerosis (LDL and other apo B-containing lipoproteins) and other modifiable causes of injury to the arterial wall (elevated blood pressure, dysglycaemia of diabetes, and tobacco smoking). Here, APOB is linked to atherosclerosis.