PNPLA4 and atrial fibrillation: These SNPs are located closest to the PNPLA4 transcriptional start site25 and show evidence for gene expression correlation with PNPLA4 in small intestine terminal ileum (effect size 0.15, p=0.009).26 Gene-based analysis suggested a nominally significant association between STS (chrX:7 065 298–7 272 682, GRCh37/h19 genome build) and AF in males (4556 cases (2.7%) vs 163 499 controls (97.3%), p=0.041) but not in females (2144 cases (1.1%) vs 193 494 controls (98.9%), p=0.793) (table 1 and figure 2).