Recently, in a human retrospective observational study, Feys et al. identified a couple breaches in antifungal immunity in patients with IAPA and CAPA that included decreased integrity of the epithelial barrier, decreased antifungal cytokine expression (e.g., gamma interferon [IFN-γ]), and decreased gene expression for pathways involved in fungal phagocytosis and killing mainly mediated by neutrophils (38). Here, IFNG is linked to episodic ataxia type 2.