Moreover, NRF2 knockdown reduced the expression of detoxifying enzymes induced by E2, indicating that the effect of oestrogen mediates bicalutamide resistance by regulating reactive oxygen species homoeostasis, suggesting a critical role of the ERα-NRF2 signalling axis in regulating bicalutamide resistance in PCa cell lines and providing a potential diagnostic and predictive biomarker for PCa. Here, ESR1 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.