PDCD1 and neoplasm: Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) regulates effector T cell activity by interacting with one of its ligands, programmed cell death protein 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), which is expressed on various types of tumor cells including cervical cancer [9], and PD-L1 influences the functional maintenance of regulatory T cells (Tregs), a subset of CD4 + cells [10].