To evaluate the clinical roles of the TMUB1-mediated regulation of PD-L1, we assessed the levels of TMUB1 and PD-L1 in the tissue samples from the tissue microarrays integrated from individuals with breast cancer, which were obtained from the Cancer Center of Sun Yat-sen University (Supplementary Table 3), and from individuals with gastric cancer, which were obtained from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University (Supplementary Table 4). Here, TMUB1 is linked to breast carcinoma.