INS and Hypoinsulinemia: Cohorts by age/comorbidities were chosen to prevent the algorithm from inappropriately optimizing low HbA1c in groups for which sub-target HbA1c may be due to dangerous hypoglycemia, and cohorts by insulin status at the time of index HbA1c were chosen as a proxy for hypoinsulinemia, which would be dangerous to misclassify but is not otherwise well-captured in the available data.