INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Thus, mTORC1 activity is markedly increased in human islets, mouse islets and β-cell lines cultured at high glucose, as well as in islets isolated from various mouse models of T2D and from patients with T2D22–25; furthermore, short-term inhibition of the mTORC1-S6K signalling pathway restored insulin secretion in human diabetic β-cells23.