CCL2 and Cachexia: In our study, the expression profile of macrophages in VAT from cachexia patients demonstrated a significant shift to the pro-inflammatory feature with various chemokine genes such as CCL2, CCL8, S100A8, S100A9, TNF40,41, being upregulated (Fig. 4d and Supplementary Table S3b), which was consistent with higher M1-like signature scores observed in VAT from patients developed with CAC (Supplementary Fig. S5b).