IL33 and infection: Although future studies are still needed to ascertain the relationships between IL-33 and other contributors to thymic involution during severe infection, such as TNF receptor superfamily-related signals and pathogen-associated molecular patterns14,49, our results indicate that clinical intervention targeting IL-33 or ST2 by anti-IL-33 or anti-ST2 antibody drugs, such as MEDI3506 (anti-IL-33), Etokimab (anti-IL-33, ANB020), or Astegolimab (anti-ST2, MSTT1041A)50,51, maybe a promising therapeutic strategy for reversing thymic involution and T cell function to better control severe infection.