The HSROCs depicting the overall discriminative accuracy of the biomarkers to diagnose AKI are shown in Fig. 1A. Of the biomarkers, urinary NGAL (HSROC 85.2%, 95% CI 80.4–89.4%), urinary NGAL/Cr (HSROC 91.4%, 95% CI 79.4–96.5%), serum NGAL (HSROC 84.7%, 95% CI 80.7–87.9%), IL-18 (HSROC 82.1%, 95% CI 70.2–88.9%), KIM-1 (HSROC 84.4%, 95% CI 72.7–95.5%), and L-FABP/Cr (HSROC 85.8%, 95% CI 74.9–93.8%) had HSROC values greater than 80%. Here, HAVCR1 is linked to acute kidney injury.