NFKB1 and metastatic neoplasm: We examined the upstream transcriptional factors (TFs) associated with TNFα and IL-6 regulation such as the Activator Protein 1 (AP-1) family of TF’s, NFkB and CEBP to decipher molecular mechanisms that may drive the differential expression of these cytokines in localized versus metastatic disease (Fig. 1C–F).