We examined the upstream transcriptional factors (TFs) associated with TNFα and IL-6 regulation such as the Activator Protein 1 (AP-1) family of TF’s, NFkB and CEBP to decipher molecular mechanisms that may drive the differential expression of these cytokines in localized versus metastatic disease (Fig. 1C–F). The gene discussed is TF; the disease is metastatic neoplasm.