In a univariate analysis, low serum PSA level (odds ratio [OR]: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.62–0.97, p = 0.027), and high serum DHEA concentrations (DHEA/100, OR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.00–1.11, p = 0.037) were significant predictors of BPH or Gleason score of ≤ 3 + 4 (≤ GG 3) prostate cancer (Table 4). Here, KLK3 is linked to benign prostatic hyperplasia.