CASP3 and neoplasm: Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) analysis (Fig. 6g) showed that NIR-activated ARNGs@TMZ/ICG induced the highest levels of apoptosis (caspase 3) and nucleus damage (γH2AX) in tumor cells, and the cell proliferation signal (Ki67) was also the weakest among all the groups (Supplementary Fig. 8).