Recent evidence has suggested that PD-L1 expression in neutrophils, which is associated with suppressor capacity to interact with PD-1 on T cells, plays an important role in numerous diseases, including acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)17, sepsis39, Burkholderia pseudomallei-infected disease40, tuberculosis41, Leishmania parasite infection16, systemic lupus erythematosus42, and injury-induced infection15. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and AIDS.